Of the roughly 588.70 million Solana in circulation, 438.97 million sit in a delegation. That is 74.6 percent, and at the price of $110.20 on Friday midday it corresponds to a locked value of around $48.4 billion. The figure comes from our own query of the Solana mainnet in epoch 1052, not from a provider’s disclosure. It answers three questions an investor can settle today: what a delegation actually yields, how long the money is tied up, and how many validators really decide over the network you entrust your SOL to.
How Much SOL Is Really Locked Today
Active stake is the sum of all SOL assigned to validator vote accounts. A query of the getVoteAccounts method on a Solana node returns it directly, without going through a data provider. On Friday midday the figure stood at 438,973,557 SOL, spread across 674 active validators. Eight further validators were flagged as delinquent, meaning behind on voting; only 31,896 SOL fell to them, a vanishing share.
What matters is the reference figure you calculate against. Total supply came to 635.46 million SOL, of which the network counted 46.76 million as not circulating, for instance because they sit in locked accounts. Against total supply, active stake works out at 69.1 percent; against circulating supply, 74.6 percent. Both numbers are correct, they simply answer different questions. For the yield calculation below, circulating supply is what counts, because only circulating SOL compete for the rewards paid out.
A rate of 74.6 percent is high. The more SOL are delegated, the fewer units sit freely on exchanges and in wallets. That shrinks the supply that can hit the market at short notice, and it lengthens the time a decision to sell needs before it can be executed. Both work in the same direction: the price reacts more violently when a lot of capital first has to wait out a deadline.
What a Nakamoto Coefficient of 18 Says About Solana
The Nakamoto coefficient is the smallest number of validators that together hold enough stake to block the network. At Solana the blocking threshold sits at one third of active stake, because from that size a group can prevent blocks from being confirmed. Our own analysis shows that 18 validators are enough. The ten largest hold 107.92 million SOL between them, or 24.6 percent.
That number is neither a scandal nor a reassurance, it is an order of magnitude. Eighteen out of 674 means a good 2.7 percent of validators account for the blocking minority. If you delegate, one concrete consideration follows: hand your stake to one of the ten largest operators and you reinforce that concentration. Give it to a mid-field validator and you reduce it slightly, accepting a somewhat higher outage risk in return, because smaller operators less often run redundant hardware.
The Staking Yield Follows From Inflation and the Staking Rate
Solana pays staking rewards out of newly created SOL, not from a pot with a fixed interest rate. The inflation rate in epoch 1052 stood at 3.6117 percent a year, and it went entirely to the validators; the foundation’s share was zero. Those two values are enough to work out the gross yield, without any forecast: the newly created SOL are spread over the delegated SOL, so 3.6117 percent divided by 0.746. The result is 4.84 percent a year.
The same calculation explains why the yield falls as more people stake. The quantity of new SOL is fixed, the number of claimants grows. At a rate of 60 percent it would have been 6.02 percent, at 85 percent only 4.25 percent. Anyone carrying over a yield figure from last year is therefore almost always calculating wrongly. The mechanics behind it are set out in the Solana developers’ documentation on delegation and rewards.
What the Validator’s Commission Takes Off the Yield
Out of the 4.84 percent gross, the validator keeps its commission. Across all 674 active validators the median rate was 5 percent. After that deduction, 4.60 percent a year remains. On a position of 10,000 euros that is around 460 euros gross before tax, a difference of about 24 euros against the gross yield.
The spread, though, is wide. There are validators with zero percent commission and validators with 100 percent, where nothing reaches the delegator at all. A rate of 100 percent is not a data error but a permitted setting, and it does occur. So check the specific rate of your validator before delegating, not the average. To weigh the yield of different routes against each other, the providers’ terms are in our comparison of staking platforms; the distinction that matters there is between the validator’s commission and the additional fee an exchange adds on top.
An Epoch Currently Runs 32 Hours, Not Two Days
Delegated SOL is not available immediately. To withdraw, you have to wait out the end of the current epoch; only after that is the amount released. An epoch at Solana covers 432,000 slots. How long that takes depends on the actual slot time, and that is not a fixed quantity.
Our own measurement over three consecutive minutes produced 269.3 milliseconds per slot on Friday midday, at a throughput of around 3,900 transactions per second. That works out at 32.3 hours for a full epoch. Many guides still calculate with 400 milliseconds and arrive at 48 hours. The difference of almost 16 hours is substantial in a falling market, because it determines the earliest point at which a sale becomes possible. At the time of the measurement, 24,869 slots were still outstanding in the current epoch, just under two hours. How the deadline plays out alongside the price is something we showed on 27 September using the epoch length at the time: staking yield and the unstaking deadline at $122.
Liquid Staking Shifts the Risk, It Does Not Remove It
There is a way around the waiting time. With liquid staking you receive a tradable claim for your delegated SOL, which you can sell at any time without waiting out the epoch. The price for that is an additional risk: you then no longer hold SOL but the token of a protocol, and its price can sit below the value of the underlying SOL. Exactly that happens in hectic phases, when many want out at the same time.
There is also contract risk. A liquid staking protocol is software, and software can have bugs. Choosing that route swaps a calculable deadline for a technical risk that is hard to calculate. For short holding periods it can make sense; for a position meant to sit for years anyway, the direct route is the simpler one.
Staking Income Counts as Other Income in Germany
This is where the tax treatment splits into two parts, and throwing them together is the most common mistake. The rewards themselves count, in the view of the German tax authorities, as other income under section 22 number 3 of the Income Tax Act. The tax falls due in the year of receipt, at your personal rate, and an exemption threshold of 256 euros a year applies. An exemption threshold is not an allowance: go over it with 257 euros and the entire amount is taxable, not just the single euro.
The decisive price is the one at the moment of receipt, not the one at year end. With daily distributions that means many individual valuations, and that is precisely where tax returns fail in practice. A tax tool or portfolio tracker handles that valuation automatically; doing it by hand requires the receipt history from your validator or your exchange.
The second part concerns the SOL themselves. For them the one-year rule under section 23 of the Income Tax Act applies: hold for longer than a year and the gain is sold tax free. That staking extends that period was a widespread worry for a long time; the tax authorities contradicted it in their circulars on the treatment of crypto assets. For gains within the year, an exemption threshold of 1,000 euros applies.
The Holding Period Stays, the Bundestag Decided Today
On Friday the Bundestag rejected a motion to abolish the one-year holding period by 445 votes to 132. For Solana holders that means the tax advantage of direct ownership remains, and it remains the decisive difference from an exchange-traded product on SOL, where the one-year rule does not apply. What the vote covered in detail, and why the deadline is not permanently secured by it, is in our analysis of the Bundestag vote.
For planning a delegation that is relevant insofar as the one-year rule and the epoch deadline are two different clocks. The epoch deadline of 32 hours concerns availability, the one-year rule concerns tax. Withdrawing after ten months makes the SOL available but costs the tax exemption if you sell in the same move. Continuing to hold the SOL and merely ending the delegation does not touch the period, because a delegation is not a disposal.
What the Commission Means in Figures
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Inflation rate a year | 3.6117 percent |
| Share of delegated SOL in circulating supply | 74.6 percent |
| Gross yield from that | 4.84 percent |
| Median validator commission | 5 percent |
| Yield after commission | 4.60 percent |
| Length of an epoch at 269.3 milliseconds per slot | 32.3 hours |
The row on epoch length is the one that changes fastest. Slot time swings with the load on the network, and it has fallen over recent months. If you need the deadline precisely, recalculate it on the day of the decision instead of carrying over a figure from an older text.
Where the Price Stood on Friday
SOL was quoted at $110.20 on Friday midday, after $109.52 twenty-four hours earlier. In euros the price stood at 98.55 euros against 97.71 euros the day before. The daily range in euros, 94.08 to 100.86 euros, was considerably wider than the daily gain, a sign that the calm close emerged from two opposing moves. Trading volume came to 660,387 SOL in the dollar pair and 168,522 SOL in the euro pair; the figures come from the Kraken exchange.
For a decision on a delegation, though, the day’s price is the least important of the figures named here. A lock-up of 32 hours and a tax deadline of one year are quantities that do not change over a single morning. The staking rate, the commission and the epoch length do.
Solana Staking: 4.60 Percent Net With a 32-Hour Lock-Up
Three steps to carry the figures over to your own position:
- Work out the net yield of your specific validator instead of using the median: 4.84 percent gross, less its commission rate. The providers’ terms are in the comparison of staking platforms, and an exchange’s fee comes on top of the validator’s commission.
- Record the receipt of your rewards with date and price as soon as the 256-euro threshold comes within reach. A tax tool values every receipt automatically at the day’s price; by hand you need your validator’s history.
- Separate the two deadlines in your planning: 32 hours to availability, twelve months to a tax-free gain. Selling before the year is up gives away the advantage that Friday’s Bundestag vote has just confirmed.
(As of October 9, 2026. This article is not investment advice. Prices and fee structures change; check the terms with the provider before you buy. Tax information is general information and does not replace advice from a tax adviser.)
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