TLDR
- Vitalik Buterin proposed options-based synthetic assets backed by ETH.
- The model replaces debt positions with paired option-like assets.
- The design removes forced liquidation from synthetic asset settlement.
- Slow oracles can support settlement because prices are checked at maturity.
- Users may rebalance positions instead of relying on protocol liquidations.
Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has proposed an options-based model for synthetic assets that would move algorithmic stablecoin design away from debt positions, forced liquidations, and dependence on real-time price oracles.
The proposal focuses on synthetic assets that track indexes such as USD/ETH, CPI/ETH, commodity prices, or other reference values inside systems where ETH remains the main trustless collateral asset.
Buterin described the core challenge as a balance-sheet problem, since every user with positive exposure to an index must be matched by another user taking the opposite position. In debt-based synthetic asset systems, a sharp move in ETH prices can leave negative-position holders unable to meet obligations, which forces the protocol to liquidate positions before collateral becomes insufficient.
Options Replace Debt Positions
The proposed structure replaces debt with two synthetic option-like assets, referred to as P and N, which are created by splitting one ETH into a paired position. At maturity, an oracle determines the value of the selected index, while P and N divide the original ETH according to a fixed formula tied to the strike price and the final oracle reading.
Under this design, P and N always add up to one ETH, which removes the undercollateralized debt condition that normally triggers liquidation. Rather than requiring a protocol to seize collateral during market stress, the system lets market pricing adjust the value of the two instruments before expiry.
Slow Oracles Become Sufficient
Buterin argued that liquidation-based systems depend on real-time oracles, because protocols must obtain binding market prices quickly enough to execute liquidations before collateral shortfalls appear.
He said this requirement makes oracle security harder, as only a limited number of automated participants can reliably supply fast market data.
The options-based design would allow synthetic assets to rely on slower oracles, because the protocol would not need to react instantly to price moves. According to the proposal, prediction-market-style oracle mechanisms could support this structure, since the final settlement value is needed at maturity rather than continuously during the life of the instrument.
Rebalancing Shifts To Users
For users seeking dollar-like exposure, the proposal suggests holding deep in-the-money P positions and rolling them before the ETH price approaches the strike price. Buterin gave an example in which a user buys a P asset with a strike price far below the current ETH price, then moves into a lower-strike position when market conditions approach a chosen threshold.
The model shifts the decision of when to rebalance from the protocol to users or automated wrappers, which could include on-chain DAO systems with fixed rules or local software running on a user’s own device. This approach may reduce visible liquidation targets and limit reliance on a single public oracle process, while users still need price data that updates within a practical time window.
Buterin also noted that this design introduces quadratic drift, meaning the synthetic asset may gradually move away from exact index tracking when users rebalance less often. He described this cost as more acceptable for users seeking general price stability than for accounting-style stablecoins that must closely resemble fiat money at all times.
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